​Colorado Plateau geologic uplift raised layers of strata and water did the rest. Sometimes buckled and twisted and sometimes horizontally straight for hundreds of miles geological layers were washed away by mass of water and then eroded due to extensive precipitation.
All of this allowed us to see a cross section of thousands of feet of sedimentary deposits.
In the Grand Canyon alone we are able to see more than a mile of not only sedimentary deposits but also deep cut through the basement rocks ("V" shape bottom part of the canyon) forming foundations for later deposits.
The awesome splendor of the Canyon is a show of G-d’s sense of beauty but if we learn the language of the rocks as John Wesley Powel said, we can read and understand the history of our planet.

​The unique and vast beauty of the region doesn’t end in the Grand Canyon, nor the layers of sedimentary rocks. Bended down in gigantic monocline they expose another several thousand feet of strata in the Grand Staircase of Escalante subregion of the Colorado Plateau. Zion and Bryce National Parks are part of those giant geological steps of cliffs spreading through hundreds of miles of desert and mountains.
Somewhere in the center of the Plateau, not too far east from Bryce National Park, Kodachrome State Park is another exceptional place to visit for its beauty. Kodachrome Basin is also a place of geological formations called Sand Pipes.
On a family trip almost 20 years ago, we attempted to drive Cottonwood Canyon Road from the north direction. We stopped to see the highest natural arch in the world – Grosvenor Arch. Few miles further south we have to turn back. Our vehicle would probably make the first wash crossing if not for the weight of it. Five persons and food for five persons for several weeks of travels. It was not easier to find kosher food those days in the area…

​On the way out of the Cottonwood Road I noticed interesting rock formations cutting through the horizontal strata at 90 degrees angle, cutting all of the visible layers. It took many years until I found the time to walk around the park despite the fact that I was camping there several times.

​Sand Pipe formation can be included to the broader family of Dikes, usually magmatic injectates penetrating rock formations under tremendous pressure from beneath. Hot magma flowed up filling and expanding fractures in Igneous and sedimentary rock layers, forming lines of foreign rock often causing metaphorization of surrounding host rocks. Beautiful examples of such geological activity can be seen in another show of nature in Gunnison Black Canyon in Colorado.

​The other common sand injectates are Mud Cracks. What is considered by some as fill-up of other material from above in the dried mud cracks, some geologists postulate that those much smaller than previously mentioned injectates were pushed into mud layer from above under the pressure of the weight of new material cumulating directly above what is considered dried mud but in fact it was still wet layer of mud now with new mass of sediment penetrating from above.

With G-d help we hope to come back to the topic of alleged dry mud cracks in the future as the difference between an entirely wet model of strata or wet cumulating and drying consecutively, is crucial for our framework of understanding the planet's past.
Sand pipes, the main subject of this article, are made from much softer material than classic dikes although they are usually raised from beneath under the pressure of material collecting above. 
In some cases, material in the pipes comes from close surrounding rocks or rather wet material within which the pipes were formed. They don’t form branches as classic dikes but rather are shooting straight up through the layers of host rock.
“Clastic pipes can form by the diapiric rise of plastic sediment, by fluid (water or gas) escape and associated slurry intrusion or foundering, by collapse accompanying or following the removal of underlying material, and by the filling of pipe-shaped cavities.” US Geological Survey 1808L.
In Kodachrome State Park and its direct vicinities there are 67 counted Sand pipes. Some of them standing alone as the encompassing host rock layers eroded, some of them entirely or partially embedded in the surrounding host strata.

​The flow of the material in this area is recognized as traveling from lower layers of strata in the upper direction.
Most of the pipes are crossing up the horizontal strata in almost vertical lines. Some of them slightly bending as they probably found less resistive material while being injected up. Most of them are round or almost round in diameter. The longest or rather tallest of the towers is more than 170 ft high. The thickest of them is some 50 feet in diameter. The majority of the pipes, however, are not of such a big size and especially those still partially embedded in the host rock can be just a few feet in diameter.
Some of the pipes contain broken angular pebbles while others may have carbonized wood.

​“Any suggestion for mechanism must consider the timing of the intrusions. Hannum (1980) made no attempt to date the intrusives other than to note that the majority of the pipes cut or are encased in the Gunsight Butte Member of the Entrada Sandstone. Hannum further stated that these sandstone intrusives were not observed in the Winsor Member of the Carmel Formation (that is lower/earlier deposit /MW/). Hannum's observation that limited exposure of the pipe hosting units, differential erosion, and restrictive access precludes an accurate assessment of the pipe distribution. Hannum (1980) stated that the base of any one pipe is not exposed but also suggests that the material making up the intrusives came from the lower part of the Winsor Member and the Paria River Member of the Carmel Formation. Hornbacher (1984) made many of the same observations as Hannum but offers a more detailed suggestion as to the timing of the intrusives. Hornbacher 1984) stated that one of the pipes penetrates the Escalante member of the Entrada Sandstone there by dating the intrusion later than that member. Hornbacher further states that one pipe had a convoluted, massive, tan-brown conglomerate at its top. By comparing pebble counts and slew analysis of this conglomerate with conglomerates collected from two units of the Plio-Pleistocene conglomerate Hornbacher concluded that the intrusions occurred after the deposition of the lower conglomerate unit, the channel conglomerate, but before the deposition of the upper conglomerate unit, the sheet conglomerate. This allows the area to be saturated with water from the river or rivers that transported the cobbles and finer clasts that make up the Plio-Pleistocene conglomerate. While these sediments were saturated a movement on the Paunsaugunt fault generated an earthquake with sufficient energy to mobilize saturated sediments from the underlying units namely the Paria River and Winsor Members as well as contributions from the Thousand Pockets Tongue of the Page Sandstone.

​“Hannum (1980) suggested that the pipes and dikes are the product of a cold water springs that carried the fine} sand from below and made the pipes particularly the smaller ones. Hannum also suggests that an earthquake could have liquified already water-bearing units and the resulting injection would cause these structures to come about. The cold water spring suggestion may serve to explain the smaller pipes but the presence of cobbles and gravel within the pipe is difficult to explain through a cold water spring mechanism. Hornbacher (1984) discussed several mechanisms that range from some type of rapid loading of sediments that would cause entrapped water bearing sediments to eventually expel these water rich sediments into the overlying host rocks in a diapiric style structure to having an earthquake trigger intrusion of water rich sediments in a liquefaction style of mechanism. Hornbacher (1984) favored the earthquake triggered mechanism because the intrusives are closely related to the two small fault traces that lie just north of Shepard's Point. Hornbacher stated that the intrusives are not brecciated or rotated in the lower portion of a monocline and, according to his preferred mechanism, the water saturated environment required for the intrusion event was available near an ancestral Paria River (Hornbacher, 1984)” “Geology of Kodachrome Basin State Park, Utah” Jame L. Baer and Robert H. Steed

​Hannum’s proposition is proven incorrect by all geologists undertaking research on the subject subsequently.
Hornbacher suggests that water moving Plio/Pleistocene deposits laid above Entrada SandStone, somehow saturated 150 million of years of solid deposits and with some other mechanism, possibly earthquake, those deposits become liquid again. This in turn allowed the injectates to flow up. After that all the rocks solidified again.
This theory is self-evidently preposterous.
Authors provide their own theory:
“While there is some merit to the mechanism as proposed by Hornbacher (1984) we think that it is much more complicated than the data indicate. Our proposed mechanism much simpler and meets a critical factor that Hornbacher's model ignores, namely the time interval from deposition of the Jurassic units in question and the Plio-Pleistocene intrusion event. If one approximates the age of the Carmel Formation at 155 to 160 million years and the Plio-Pleistocene conglomerates deposited 1 to 2 million years ago then the units from which the pipe making material came were largely dormant for 150 million years or more. Another concern is the need to saturate the Jurassic rocks at this late time in order to make them mechanically more susceptible to earthquake-initiated intrusion. It may be that the timing of the intrusion as proposed by Hornbacher is driven more by the earthquake part of the mechanism than any other factor. In our model the Plio-Pleistocene conglomerates are not considered to be important as time constraints.” (Ibidem)
Just ignore major part of Hotnbacher’s detailed research and data provided.
“The slurry, in some places, contained sufficient amounts of organic matter to reduce the iron compounds in the host rocks as the slurry injected and often times scoured its way. Hannum (1980) reported the finding of pieces of carbonized wood in some dikes. This fossil wood, along with other organic matter, from sabhka sediments produced the reducing slurry. The presence of large blocks found in some of the pipes can be explained by the scouring and buoyancy associated with the rising slurry.” (Ibidem)
In other words, soft, muddy matter made it true through the rock because for millions of years it contained organic material.
One preposterous theory replaced by another even more preposterous.

​As we read above, it is postulated but not proven that pipes originate from Paria River member or Carmel formation which according to geologist was wet environment when deposited. Then pipes are cutting through or some of them originate in Winsor member of Carmel formation, also designated as originally wet deposits.
After that, the pipes are or were embedded in 550 ft of Entrada sandstone of marine origins according to the latest designation as in previous decades, Entrada was previously considered of aeolian origins. (US Geological Survey 1808L)
It is self-understood that wet/soft deposits are necessary not only as a source of the injectites but also for the medium which injectates are injected through.
According to old earth and evolutionary geologists the pipes soft liquid material would have to push through the 150 million of years of deposits. Although all the deposits which the pipes are cutting through are recognized as originally wet deposits, it is also recognized that after drying they hardened in a very short time. Even in a wet environment the muddy deposit hardened quickly depending on the amount of cementing minerals and pressure of material collected above.
Baer and Steed tend to ignore the Hornbacher observation of partial penetration of the Pleistocene deposit, citing as the major problem the hardening host rocks over the period of 150 million of years.
Their conclusion is that sand injectates ended in the upper Entrada sandstone of the Jurassic era, which those deposits would have to remained in diagenetic stage i.e., wet/soft, for just 14 to 15 million of years.
Reduction of the age of the deposits which the clastic infusion of the pipes must travel to only 10% of original 150.000.000 to 15.000.000 is far from feasible explanation of liquid or semiliquid character of part of Carmel formation and entire Entrada formation for such prolonged time.
Between the Entrada sandstone and Pleistocene conglomerates right above, we have obviously large unconformity. The rest of Jurassic, Cretaceous and most Cenozoic rocks are missing.
And if they were there above before they eroded, the pressure created by those deposits would lithify the deposits where the pipes are cutting through.
“These air-fall ash deposits introduce more silica and provide lavender to red colors. A thickness of 110 feet (34 m) was measured by Hornbacher (1984). Thompson and Stokes (1970) described a subtle but significant unconformity that they thought marked the top of the Escalante Member. The Upper Jurassic Curtis and the Summerville Formations typically overlie the Entrada Sandstone and are found in the general area, but these formations are missing near KBSP because of erosion prior to deposition of the Henrieville Sandstone.” (Ibidem)

One of the regions rich with sand pipes is San Juan Basin in New Mexico.
“Clastic pipes occur throughout much of the Phanerozoic strata of the Colorado Plateau and provide a unique opportunity to test the validly of various deformation and triggering mechanism hypotheses in the context of their tectono-stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental settings. Pipes dominantly occur in Jurassic strata (…) The greatest geographic concentrations of pipes occur in three trends: (1) a northeast trend from the Lake Powell to Moab areas of southern and southeastern Utah, (2) an east–west trend in northern Arizona within and north of the Grand Canyon, and (3) a west-northwest–east-southeast trend along Interstate 40 west of Albuquerque, New Mexico.” “Clastic pipe characteristics and distributions throughout the Colorado Plateau: Implications for paleoenvironment and paleo seismic controlsF. Wheatley , M.A. Chan , D.A. Sprinkel “
“At San Juan Basin Lupton, the Cow Springs occupies the entire interval from the top of the Entrada to the base of the Morrison.”
“The full vertical extent of a pipe is nowhere indisputably exposed. The original tops of almost all pipes have been removed by recent erosion, and almost all pipes extend beneath the present outcrop surface” US Geological Survey 1808L.
It is safe to assume that Pipes, if indeed originating in Paria member of Carmel formation, are cutting Entrada sandstone and are continuing through the deposits of middle Jurassic Cow Spring formation and at least part of late Jurassic Morison formation.
In fact, article in US Geological Survey 1808L asserts:
“Although considerable evidence exists for relatively early pipe formation, we have seen little evidence to support the conclusion of Schlee (1963) and Moench and Schlee (1967) that the pipes in what is now called the Wanakah Formation formed contemporaneously with Wanakah deposition. They cited thickness changes in beds adjacent to pipes in the Horse Mesa Member of the Wanakah as suggesting deposition in sags around pipes, but the evidence of that type that we have seen is restricted to the Morrison Formation. Contacts of sets of crossbeds in the Horse Mesa Member of the Wanakah Formation and in the Cow Springs Sandstone are, for the most part, remarkably even and parallel and do not suggest local sagging of the depositional surface contemporaneous with pipe growth. Probably most of the pipes formed during Morrison time.”
That adds few, however insignificant, millions of years when parts of middle and late Jurassic rocks would have to remain liquified.
“A prelithification origin of the pipes is suggested by the fact that drag folding of beds adjacent to the ring faults bounding the pipes involves considerable stretching and thinning of beds. Convolute folding of beds within a few pipes also implies that the sediment was unlithified.” US Geological Survey 1808L

​ The content of the clastic pipes indicates that much of the material inside the pipes is contemporary to the material of surrounding rocks. Authors of above survey suggest creation of the pipes happened while Morison formation was deposited. This is of course, if we disregard again evidence provided by Hornbacher placing the geological event causing the formation of clastic pipes in Plio/Pleistocene.
We can state in definite terms that the existence of the Sand Pipes crossing several layers of Strata dated as millions of years old creates an unsolvable query for evolutionists and Old Earth creationists.
So far, all the attempts to explain the formations of Sand Pipes are ignoring certain laws of physics and chemistry or ignoring parts of data.
We are far from using this single subject as the proof for Young Earth creationism and Flood model of Earth geology, however, undeniably, existence of Sand Pipes fits into this model.
If most of the geological deposits were laid as waves of mud, mixtures or antediluvian vegetation, marine and terrestrial, volcanic deposits mixed with water; all the deposits involved in creation of the Sand Pipes were wet and pliable sometime within the year of Mabul Flood and perhaps years after.
In such a scenario, organic matter trapped under layers of sediment would be organically or chemically altered producing sizable gas or organic liquid bubbles. Either way, if bubbles were gas or liquid, under the pressure of material above, they would move upward creating vertical channels immediately filled up with material traveling along from the source layer of liquefied strata. In some of the pipes the gas would resort to the sandy material in the layers which the gas would travel through as it seems to be a case in many sand pipes from New Mexico.

​In my recent travels I spotted what looks like a sand pipe in Goblins State Park in Utah.

​Goblins are formed in Entrada Sandstone. Right above red almost purple goblins, lays a green/gray strata layer of Curtis formation. Within the red rocks of Entrada Goblins, there are few hills seemingly made of material of Curtis formation shaped as haystack. It is difficult to hypothesize that those greenish hills are remnants of eroded sand pipes, but one formation looks like classic sand pipe and is made of material resembling that of Curtis formation. If this is the case, it would be a sand pipe filled up with material from higher rather than lower or parallel layers. At this moment I have no theory for the mechanism of creation of a sand pipe filled with material from above other than a fast moving up gas bubble creating a vertical channel in partially solidified strata and then softer material of Curtis formation filling that channel immediately. 

​As already said, I claim no proof for young Earth geology just from this one subject of Sand pipes, however lack of complementary explanation from evolutionary geologists and perfect solution for their creation in Mabul Flood scenario, makes sand pipes an important issue for our view. 

For comparison we present the pictures below found on a variety of websites showing the type of jellyfish covering the cold beeches of the Baltic sea, as it is remembered by the author.

The second video was taken on the site of Coppermine Trading Post track site also called Moenave Dinosaur tracks located seven miles west of the Tuba City in Navajo Land.

We visited the site multiple times in last 10 years but for the first time it was pointed to us, that bigger types of jellyfish fossil are laying right on the top of dinosaur footprints.
Please compare what you just saw with the pictures of adult warm water jellyfish.

The Moenave Track site was classified till just few weeks ago, as Navajo sandstone formation by paleobiodb.org and is still defined as such by the database on fossilworks.org.

It appears that there is an ongoing confusion regarding this site and the formation where footprints are being found.
The most plausible explanation based on the available data and our own limited analysis, is that indeed it is not Navajo sandstone but a Moenave formation.
We have to spend a couple of lines on this formation as itself it is a very puzzling strata layer located between Chinle and Kayenta layers, both of them fluvial i.e. wet deposits. Navajo sandstone lays right above Kayenta formation.
Moenave contains many dinosaur tracks mixed with marine fossils which makes our find of jellyfish not so extraordinary, although we are not aware of other jellyfish findings in this formation.
What is puzzling about it, is the fact that there is another formation between Chinle and Kayenta and it is called Wingate sandstone – another formation claimed to be ancient desert by evolutionary geologists.
See diagrams showing the cross section of those formations.

Above is the Moenave formation positioned between Chinle and Kayenta.
The details bellow of this formation shows multiple layers with mixed dinosaur tracks and marine creatures including fish.

Old Earth geologists would explain that one of the deposits happened first than it was washed away from some locations and filled up with another formation, only to be covered by Kayenta mixed beds formation later. We have to point that Wingate is a solid sandstone very similar to Navajo sandstone and Moenave is a multiple bedding formation similar to Kayenta.
We hope, we sufficiently proved that Navajo sandstone was deposited in the form of wet flows of sand mixed with marine vegetation and the assumption of dry deposit is simply wrong.
Considering that Moenave (wet) and Wingate (dry) formations are laying in the same position between Chinle (wet) and Kayenta (wet) we have no reason to accept unconvincing assumptions of any dry in its genesis strata layer on the Colorado Plateau, where those formations are being exposed.
Of course, in our own scenario as it was transmitted through the generations, the presence of marine creatures in the cubic miles of sand deposited by the waves of the Mabul, is completely suitable. Also - virtually all the other formations were thrown one above another as a wet deposit.

​First set of pictures were made in famous Paloxy river in Texas.
Following picture, taken by author, shows footprint of large mammal, perhaps cat. As per evolutionary dogma, mammals of this size did not exist at the time of dinosaurs.
There is well known controversy from the same area about human footprints marked along dinosaur footprints. B-H we will come back to this topic in one of the future essays.

​See more.

Dinosaur tracks - Warner Valley Utah

Dinosaur tracks - Denver Colorado
​Below - water ripples at the same location.

Dinosaur tracks - Arches - Utah

Without a doubt, those marks were made by some animals, some larger than any animals known in our time. Some of the other footprints were made by animals the size of a chicken.
Those footprints as well as many other Trace fossils are found almost everywhere on planet Earth.
Dinosaur footprints are found predominantly in sandstones but some, including in video documentation above, are made in limestone. Some of the dinosaur footprints were found also in Navajo sandstone which should be a surprise, because the evolutionary geologist claim that this formation is made of desert sand which would be difficult to provide food for those large animals. Also, to leave footprints in the desert sand is well…impossible. But as usually, in cases like this, the solution was found, that in those particular places where dinosaurs walked, the sand was wet.
The mechanism of leaving the footprint is precisely that – the surface on which the animal walked on must be wet. One of the explanations of how they were preserved, Is that after the footprints were made, the ground dried and another sediment covered the ground filling the cavities. Later, that rock eroded exposing original footprints in the hard rock. It is easy however to accept the idea, that the same as in the case of laminated water ripples which we posted pictures of them in the previous essay, the same happened with dinosaurs and other animals footprints – they happened in a wet environment and were covered by another layer of wet mud or sand. And because the lower layer has had different content of silica, usually richer, the two layers did not mix, preserving the footprints underground.
Until now we wrote about Ichnofossils or in plane language – Trace fossils, in the next part of the essay we will be occupied with fossils themselves.
Some more contemporary ichnofossils are showed in following slideshow. Those are imprints of decayed organic material trapped in travertine formation in Fossil Creek Arizona.

How did the once live organisms become fossils?
One particular type of fossilization – Permineralization, left most of the fossils found today in museums and visitor centers in National and other parks. We will quote Wikipedia as it explains the process in the most simple and comprehensive way, we encourage the reader to go to the full article – Fossils.
“Permineralization is a process of fossilization that occurs when an organism is buried. The
empty spaces within an organism (spaces filled with liquid or gas during life) become filled with mineral-rich groundwater. Minerals precipitate from the groundwater, occupying the empty spaces. This process can occur in very small spaces, such as within the cell wall of a plant cell.
Small scale permineralization can produce very detailed fossils. For permineralization to occur,
the organism must become covered by sediment soon after death, otherwise decay
commences. The degree to which the remains are decayed when covered determines the later
details of the fossil. Some fossils consist only of skeletal remains or teeth; other fossils contain traces of skin, feathers or even soft tissues.”
As we can see and can foresee, this type of fossilization can happen only in wet environments
and only when an organism is insulted from bacterial and other forms of decay.
We cannot observe or even imitate the process of fossilization in a laboratory, although it happens in some form in rich in minerals waters of geysers.

We will present some examples of the once living organisms fossilized in the mud waves of
the Mabul and then look closer to two particular examples where certain facts are, or were, omitted from the textbooks of geology, paleontology or paleobiology.
In 2007 prof. Mary Schweitzer, published her discovery of soft tissue in dinosaur bone. She was
contested by her colleges from the academic world, for it is impossible for collagen, red blood cells and almost 20 other discovered types of soft tissue, to survive 65.000.000 years, encased in a fossilized T Rex bone. Here is quotation from Wikipedia:
“Schweitzer was the first researcher to identify and isolate soft tissues from an ancient fossil bone. The soft tissues are collagen, a connective protein. Amino acid sequencing of several samples have shown matches with the known collagens of chickens, frogs, newts and other animals. Schweitzer has also isolated organic compounds and antigenic structures in sauropod egg shells. With respect to the significance of her work, Kevin Padian, Curator of Paleontology, University of California Museum of Paleontology, has stated – ‘Chemicals that might degrade in a laboratory over a short period need not do so in a protected natural chemical environment…it’s time to readjust our thinking.’
Schweitzer previously announced similar discoveries in 1993. Since then, the claim of discovering soft tissues in an ancient fossil has been disputed by some molecular biologists.
Later research by Kaye et al. published in PLoS ONE  (30 July 2008) challenged the claims that the material found is the soft tissue of a Tyrannosaurus. A more recent study (October 2010) published in PLoS ONE contradicts the conclusion of Kaye and supports Schweitzer’s original
conclusion. Evidence for the extraction of short segments of ancient DNA from dinosaur fossils
has been reported on two separate occasions. The extraction of protein, soft tissue, remnant
cells and organelle-like structures from dinosaur fossils has been confirmed.”
So much Wikipedia.
What is fascinating about this case however, that the dogma was protected for much longer that a few years, a little bit more than decade ago. The first reports about biological material came in 1966 and then reports of such discoveries were made over seventy times by scientists from all over the world from material from various countries and locations. Here are the early samples:
Dinosaur bone collagen vessels - Cretaceous, Campanian Gobi Desert, Mongolia 1966
Megalosaurus egg shell protein - Jurassic, Bathonian Rognacian Fm., S. France 1968
Sauropod limb hydroxyproline - Jurassic, Kimmeridgian Morrison Fm., CO 1968
Dinosaur proteins and polysaccharides - Cretaceous, Maastrichtian 1974.
The argument can be made, that there is no conspiracy to hide this information from the public if so many publications informed such discoveries. But those publications are circulated only among small amounts of specialist, and never leaked to popular scientific magazines or were discussed in the broader public. Until Mary Schweitzer proved the case of biological material in the fossils, those discoveries were dismissed as going against the generally approved dogma.
Today that controversy does not exist anymore for facts cannot be denied, however, to keep
with the official dogma of the evolutionary process and calendar, new solutions have been invented.
To explain it in simple terms – even if it is impossible for soft tissue to survive that long of period in time, it did survive, and it must be the increased content of iron which somehow preserved the biological material in the fossilized bone.
As in case of any other religion, if one dogma is exposed to be false, a new dogma is invented.
We mentioned previously the rock formation named Navajo sandstone in the context of Dinosaur footprints.

Bone fossils in Dinosaur National Museum
Notice - no complete skeleton preserved at this site.
Animals were torn apart and clustered together in the patch of floating in mud biological material.

We mentioned previously the rock formation named Navajo sandstone in the context of Dinosaur footprints.
Now we will focus on this type of stone once again, and once again we will quote from
Wikipedia:
“The (Navajo) sandstone was deposited in an arid erg on the Western portion of the
Supercontinent Pangaea. This region was affected by annual monsoons that came about each winter when cooler winds and wind reversal occurred.”
Monsoons would perhaps explain the footprints as the sand got wet, but it still was a desert
where availability of any kind of food would be at least problematic.
In my hikes in the deserts of the West I have walked in the mountains, formed with eroded
Navajo sandstone.
Here is what we found.

On the first three pictures we can see a fossil in the shape of a shell, and it must be agreed that when the same shell is encased in the limestone, the fossil looks different. Here, the shell was mixed with the sand without a large content of lime but rather in quartz grains cemented by the silica, and the contours of this fossil are not so clear.

​Those second set of pictures shows a different type of shell.

From the third set of pictures, it would be hard to prove that we are seeing leaves of sea grass but I hope to prove my point with the following photographic documentation.

​This picture shows a plank or piece of wood embedded in the stone, and the question comes once more – how it got to the desert without the rest of its environment and where did it come from. For Navajo sandstone covers 102,300 sq miles and is 2300 feet thick in some places.
Below some other unidentified fossils in the same found in the same area. 

​The following pictures show fossils of Kelp, oceanic growth commonly found on the beaches of western US.

This is how Kelp looks on the Californian beach.

We would gladly accept an explanation, what terrestrial plant growing on the desert or anywhere else, looks exactly like Kelp.
Otherwise we hope that all the books, brochures, displays and other forms of information will change the description of origins of Navajo sandstone form arid to wet.
It must be noted that Navajo sandstone and Wingate sandstone, are only two of formations claimed to form in a dry environment. The few other formations are officially controversial.
Below, a few pictures of Navajo sandstone, where pictures of marine fossils were taken.

​More about Navajo sandstone in following essay.

​Those tsunamis, although powerful and lethal were like ripples in a pond compared to the gigantic waves overflowing the continents sliding over the softer Earth’s mantle at the time of Mabul.

In the first 40 days of Mabul the opened wounds of the Earth’s crust exposed hot magma which immediately was overflowed with waters from the Pangea’s rivers and lakes. From the Bible we have information about the rivers flowing on the surface of the Pangea, from Midrashic material we have evidence of other bodies of water existing on the antediluvian continent. We also hope to present evidence of such bodies of water in the future from our geological research as we hope to continue the analysis of the stromatolite fossils in the Mason county, Texas.
Terrestrial waters mixed with the flood coming from the sky, after seven days of relatively light rain, rushed toward the lower elevations annihilating all life in the process. Together with life on the surface, the surface itself was stripped from the basement rock which life was originally created upon. All this material was deposited on the lower areas of the land as it is described by Jewish sages.
Oceanic water filled up the cracks between masses of land drifting away, also bringing material from shallower parts of oceanic floor. If our theory about Pangea’s areas below the sea level is valid, the oceanic sediment was deposited in some areas even before land vegetation came there washed away from the heights. The other possibility for earlier marine deposits then terrestrial deposits is  if ocean floor was tectonicly uplifted, water from ocean containing marine life, overflowed continents before some of terrestrial ecosystems were flooded from higher elevations or from different direction of the overflowing currents.

​There is no example of sedimentary rocks in the column of deposits as it is postulated by evolutionary geologists. Different areas of deposits may have different sequences of fossilized life forms, sometimes in opposite order to desired by evolutionary science.
It must be pointed at this moment, that entire assessment of the ages of the rocks comes from the type of so called index fossils embedded in those rocks, in particular strata layer. The age of the fossils is assessed in turn from the type of rock that the fossils are embedded in.
The circular way of thinking of those who use those methods of dating is truly ridiculous and shocking indeed.
In fact there are two different geological columns worked by geologists - lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic. First reflecting more or less real position of the layers of strata and the other reflecting postulated sequence of layers according to the evolutionary advance of life forms.
Since nowhere on planet Earth the entire column is present it leaves a lot of space for imagination to work in process of creating biostratigraphic column.
If we put aside chemical and radioactive methods of the rock age evaluations, all is based on the general assumption that organisms looking more primitive than other must be older. The problem with this philosophy is that there is nothing primitive about even single cell organisms.
Even more problems come with the fact that some fossils of so called sophisticated, i.e. evolutionary advanced organisms are being found together in the strata supposedly representing the early stages of evolution. We hope to come back with examples of such deposits sometime in the future.
The biggest problem with strata layers for evolutionist, is the fact that even in general, sections representing supposedly early ages, are overlaying deposits from supposedly late periods of depositions.
One of such examples is the Chief Mountain in Glacier National Park in Montana, where Algonkian limestone containing Precambrian “primitive” creature Beltina Danai, is resting on the top of Cretaceous strata which supposedly formed after the dinosaur extinction. Cretaceous represents much more sophisticated life forms and as such it is impossible for this layer to be deposited before the so called Cambrian explosion, if there would be any value in evolutionists dating methods.
Another example of misplaced strata is Heart Mountain on the eastern edges of Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. Here in turn, post Cambrian Paleozoic strata which dating starts supposedly 500.000.000 years ago, lays on the top of Eocene deposits which are “only” 60.000.000 years old.
Needless to say, as in the previous case, Paleozoic fossils represent “unsophisticated“ forms of life while Eocene fossils contain basically ecosystems known to exist in some areas of the Earth today.
First of all, as it was pointed, there is nothing primitive about the lifeforms considered as primitive. Many if not most of those organisms are present in our environment and complexity of those organisms require much faith to belief that they spontaneously emerged from primordial aminoacidic soup.
The Second challenge for those who share this kind of belief, is the sheer fact of misplaced strata.
Those two cases represent the most profound and accessible examples of what is called in the
evolutionary geology – overthrust strata. It is possible that mass of land with older deposits was pushed on the top of the younger deposits at the second half year of the Mabul when the fragments of drifting earth crust were colliding, up-warded and perhaps over thrust in catastrophic process. If this is the case of two above examples is still subject of fuhrer investigation. 
Another issue is the Eocene strata postulated by creationist geology as postdiluvian. However in our mind, it is possible that some Eocene and Tertiary in general, ecosystems were fossilized before Mesozoic and even Paleozoic layers were deposited. B-H we will come back to this topic.

The story of the Mabul preserved in memory of the Jewish people explains the geological layers in a way much closer to common sense. Yes, there is an element of supernatural, but we don’t deny it.
In part explicitly, in part as logical consequence, much of the geological strata as it can be observed covering almost 80% of the earth on the surface of land and shallower parts of the sea, can be explained as remnants of the deposition of life forms, mud, sand, volcanic ash and basalt, by the cataclysm of the Mabul - global flood. We also can not forget, that even at the time of the creative work of six days, when so called laws of nature were in process being established, even then - land emerged from the water. Vast majority of sedimentary, most of Precambrian rocks, have no fossils whatsoever, and thus can be and most probably is, a result of the third day of Maasey Beraishis - Creation.

​In the essay on the page “Chazal on Mabul”, we documented that the climate of the antediluvian world was much better for all forms of life. Allowing 6 feet long centipedes, oversized nonflying birds, oversized flying creatures, large animals which some of them are still represented in postdiluvian ecosystem to exist, and some extinct before or after the Mabul.
The size of man was also much bigger as it is stated in the words of the Scriptures and Oral Tradition.
Man’s remains did not survive the dissolving waters of the Mabul. Fossils of other organisms are represented in many layers of strata, sometimes together with also fossilized biological environment characteristic for those animals. Other animal fossils are embedded in the mud or sand which has no trace of a sustainable environment allowing those animals to feed.
As the Mabul began, some animals were killed in its first stages, almost immediately. Some other, more mobile animals instinctively moved to higher positions avoiding the first waves of the Mabul. I-H, we will follow their footsteps, quite literally, in the following essay.
The Biological mass which flowed toward the lower elevations and perhaps geographical depressions, was covered by other layers of sedimentary deposits. Some of this material, depending on the content and conditions in their enclosures, was transformed to crude oil. In other places, rich in vegetation tropical forests, some of them floating forests, became lignite and coal deposits. B-H coal deposits will be topic of dedicated post.

Turbulent waves described by the Jewish sources brought a muddy or sandy material from different directions. Most of the times that direction was the same as the direction in which continent or island was drifting toward. If that material was rich in lime from marine creatures, it became limestone. Some of the limestone was grinded so fine that no trace of the original material was left, some other limestones are filled up with shells, crinoids, sponges and other distinguishable marine creatures.

video

Some of the limestone under further pressure and heat became metamorphic rock known to us as marble. I don't know at this moment if marble is metamorphosed from Precambrian or later deposited lime stones. 
Layers of limestone are divided in different locations by layers of sandstone and other deposits
cemented or not, depending on the content of silica. The fact that layers of limestone are divided shows us that the tsunami waves containing marine life come more than once, bringing marine life from different oceanic areas of vegetation and other marine organisms. As today, types of marine life are depending mostly on the depth of the water which it thrives in, as well as other factors creating different zones of fauna and flora in the seas.
 
Even as the climate on the land was warmer and moderate, we can expect the same variety of
vegetation and animal zones within Pangea. The content of this life is also reflected in the fossils.
In some places, the sedimentary deposits are several miles thick. Only approximately 20% of the contemporary surface of the land is stripped from the original soil and new vegetation if it is growing in those areas, created a new thin layer of soils.
There are six basic components of the sedimentary strata.
Antediluvian life forms. Antediluvian soil. Grinded underling rock - sedimentary or igneous. Oceanic sand deposits with oceanic life forms. Volcanic rock. Volcanic ash.
The last one came in different forms. From contemporary volcanic activity, we can safely assume that most of the volcanic ash comes in the form of pyroclastic clouds associated with volcanic explosions. Most of this ash is deposited in the close vicinity of volcanoes, but some in the form of dust, can travel around the planet several times depending on the power of the explosion and winds. This dust is deposited as it travels.
At time of the Mabul, we are not talking about the ordinary volcano as we know it from historic records, we have to picture the planet Earth spewing its inner content in an amount allowing to create miles thick deposits.
Some of this dust was caught and mixed with the falling rain, some of it fell on the surface after the rain ceased, some of the deposits were washed away and dumped again in the places away from the original deposition.
In the Grand Canyon of the Colorado river, we may observe more than mile of such deposits and those are only layering up to Mesozoic rocks which contain much less than half of the Mabul deposits. Most of the original deposits above the Grand Canyon were washed away at the last stages of the Mabul, at the time when the uplifting of the mountain chains took place. In this particular case it was uplifting of the Kaibab Plateau which the Colorado river cuts through, forming one of the greatest spectacles of nature.
The Grand Canyon exposes us on the grand scale to one of the phenomena’s that can be only explain by the Mabul. 

​If we observe the layer of the Coconino sandstone which is easily distinguishable as the second to top layer on the South rim of the Canyon and as a third from the top on the North side, we may notice something strange.
Coconino sandstone gradually descending from the height of almost 9000 feet a.s.l. to the height of some 5000 f.a.s.l. without other fracture besides the Canyon itself. There is not a known mechanism allowing solid rock to bend in such a way that the rock is not fractured in the process of tectonic movements.
In other words, stone cannot be bend.
What can be bend however Is stone before it becomes a solid. In case of volcanic lava, it is the heat factor that makes stone flexible. But clay for example is soft when it contains moisture and is insulated from air.
All kind of cement can become solid under different conditions including insolation from the air and in constant moisture.
Coconino limestone is not only an example of wet deposition which under the pressure of tectonic movements rock was bent and solidified after this action.
Below we present other examples of such curving including a layer of clay with visible water ripples curved some 270’.

​Below we present a collection of photographic material depicting water ripples cast in time, from various locations in the continental US. All of the pictures were taken by the author.

Petrified water ripples - Route 2 Montana

Petrified water ripples - Glacier National Park - Montana

Petrified water ripples - Kootenay Falls - Idaho

Petrified water ripples - Route 93 south of Salmon - Idaho

Petrified water ripples - Katerskill Falls - New York